Refugee-hosting communities often struggle to balance basic human survival needs with environmental protection. Uganda hosts over two million refugees and asylum seekers, exemplifying this tension and offering a critical case study for understanding these dynamics. Rich in biodiversity, Uganda is under pressure to manage its ecosystems effectively to ensure human survival. This study aims to appraise ecosystem management in the Kyaka II refugee settlement and examine its relationship with indigene well-being using ecosystem services theory. Using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design, the study involved 399 indigene respondents, focus groups, indepth interviews, and input from district officials, Office of the Prime Minister staff, and NGOs. The study analysed quantitative data using SPSS and SmartPLS, and qualitative data using thematic analysis. Quantitative results showed that provisioning services, which encompass access to food, water, and forest resources, accounted for 20.020% of the total variance. Regulating services contributed 15.921%, highlighting vital ecosystem processes such as water regulation and air purification. Cultural services showed the strongest correlation, explaining 11.676% of the variance and emphasising their importance in delivering cultural and social benefits. Qualitatively, provisioning services were considered accessible, though concerns about quality and sustainability arose. The study concluded that ecosystem management in Kyaka II faces significant constraints, including unpredictable weather, population growth, poverty, and weak policy enforcement. Recommendations include adopting climate-smart agriculture, strengthening water conservation, enforcing environmental policies, and fostering accountability. These measures aim to strengthen ecosystem resilience while addressing the competing needs of refugees and host communities.