Agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa has remained persistently low, with smallholder farmers continuing to grapple with limited access to productive resources, weak institutional support, and inadequate management practices. In Uganda, agriculture remained the backbone of the economy, employing the majority of the rural population, yet productivity levels continued to lag behind regional and global benchmarks. In Mitooma District, southwestern Uganda, farmers engaged in the production of coffee, beans, maize, and bananas faced compounding challenges related to how land, labor, capital, and technology were managed at both farm and cooperative levels. This study examined the relationship between strategic resource management and agricultural productivity in Mitooma District. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design, integrating quantitative and qualitative methods. A sample of 135 respondents comprising farmers, cooperative officials, and agricultural extension workers was selected through stratified random sampling. Structured questionnaires and key informant interviews were used to collect data. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression were applied to analyze the relationship between strategic resource management and agricultural productivity. The findings revealed a strong positive and statistically significant relationship between strategic resource management and agricultural productivity (r = 0.761, p < 0.05). Land resource management (β = 0.438), labor resource management (β = 0.401), and financial resource management (β = 0.463) were each significant predictors of productivity. Farmers and cooperatives that managed their resources strategically recorded higher crop yields, better input utilization efficiency, and improved household incomes. Strategic resource management was a significant determinant of agricultural productivity in Mitooma District. Farmers and cooperative organizations that adopted structured approaches to managing land, labor, and finances consistently achieved better productivity outcomes than those operating without deliberate resource management frameworks. District local government, agricultural extension services, and cooperative leadership should invest in capacity building around strategic resource management, focusing on land use planning, labor organization, financial literacy, and technology adoption to drive sustainable agricultural productivity.