This study examined the role of vegetable growing among small-scale household farmers in Masaba Sub-County, Busia District, Uganda. The study was motivated by the need to understand how vegetable farming contributes to household food security, income generation, nutritional outcomes, and livelihood diversification among rural agricultural communities. Despite the centrality of vegetable growing to many households in the region, there has been limited empirical documentation of its specific contributions and constraints. Using a cross-sectional survey design, the study collected data from 120 randomly selected household farmers. Structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews were employed as data collection instruments. Findings revealed that vegetable growing significantly contributes to household food security, supplement cash income, and improve nutritional status. However, challenges including poor market access, inadequate irrigation infrastructure, pest and disease infestations, and limited extension services constrain productivity. The study recommends strengthening extension services, improving rural road networks, and establishing farmer cooperatives to enhance vegetable marketing and productivity.