Capital expenditure allocation represents a critical strategic decision influencing long-term financial performance and competitive sustainability in the bakery industry. This study assessed the impact of capital expenditure allocation on the financial performance of Kidawalime Bakery, a medium-sized bakery enterprise operating in Kampala, Uganda. The study employed a case study research design with mixed methods approach. A sample of 87 respondents comprising management staff, finance officers, production supervisors, and sales personnel was selected using purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, interviews, and review of financial records covering fiscal years 2019-2023. Analysis techniques included Pearson correlation, regression analysis, and financial ratio analysis using SPSS version 26. Findings revealed a significant positive relationship between capital expenditure allocation and financial performance (r = 0.782, p < 0.01). Equipment modernization expenditure demonstrated the strongest impact on operational efficiency (r = 0.841, p < 0.01) and profit margins. Infrastructure development showed significant correlation with sales revenue growth (r = 0.723, p < 0.01). Technology investments correlated positively with cost reduction (r = 0.687, p < 0.05). The regression model explained 71.3% of variance in financial performance (R² = 0.713). Return on investment increased from 12.4% to 24.7% following strategic capital investments. However, short-term liquidity challenges emerged during high capital expenditure periods. Capital expenditure allocation significantly impacted Kidawalime Bakery's financial performance. Strategic investments in production equipment, infrastructure, and technology enhanced operational efficiency, revenue generation, and profitability. However, timing and prioritization of capital investments were crucial for balancing growth objectives with liquidity maintenance. Kidawalime Bakery should develop a comprehensive five-year capital expenditure plan prioritizing high-impact investments that directly enhance production capacity and product quality. Management should establish rigorous project appraisal mechanisms using