The study examined agroforestry practices and soil erosion in Muramba Sub County, focusing on the level of agroforestry, the extent of soil erosion, and the relationship between agroforestry adoption and soil conservation. The study employed a correlational research design, utilizing quantitative methods to collect data from farmers through structured questionnaires and interviews. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to determine the predictors of agroforestry adoption, the determinants of soil erosion, and the influence of agroforestry on soil conservation. The results indicated that the level of agroforestry adoption in Muramba Sub County was moderately high and was significantly influenced by farmer awareness and knowledge (B = 0.478, p < 0.001), landholding size (B = 0.361, p < 0.001), access to extension services (B = 0.299, p = 0.001), and the availability of tree seedlings (B = 0.274, p < 0.001). These variables collectively explained 55% of the variation in agroforestry adoption. Regarding soil erosion, slope gradient (B = 0.518, p < 0.001), vegetation cover (B = -0.392, p < 0.001), farming practices (B = 0.351, p < 0.001), and rainfall intensity (B = 0.302, p < 0.001) were significant predictors, accounting for 61.3% of the variance in erosion levels. The analysis further revealed a strong negative relationship between agroforestry adoption and soil erosion, with level of agroforestry (B = -0.476, p < 0.001), tree density (B = -0.398, p < 0.001), and agroforestry management practices (B = -0.314, p < 0.001) collectively explaining 62.6% of the variation in soil erosion. The study concluded that agroforestry practices in Muramba Sub County significantly reduced soil erosion, with farmers’ knowledge, access to seedlings, landholding size, and extension services being critical determinants of adoption. Soil erosion was primarily influenced by slope gradient, inadequate vegetation cover, unsustainable farming practices, and rainfall intensity. It was further concluded that proper implementation of agroforestry, including maintaining sufficient tree density and applying recommended management practices, is an effective strategy for controlling soil erosion and promoting sustainable land use. Access to tree seedlings and planting resources should be improved through community nurseries and supportive interventions from development partners. Sustainable land management practices, such as contour farming, mulching, and crop rotation, should be promoted, and vegetation cover and tree density should be increased to protect soil from erosion. Agricultural extension services should be strengthened to provide technical guidance, while policies and institutional support should be developed to sustain agroforestry adoption. Additionally, community participation and collaboration should be encouraged to ensure long-term sustainability of soil conservation efforts.